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References

Below you can find a list of references for each page and their associated case studies. Explore these resources to learn more about each topic!

Basics of Neoplasia

1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Deyrup AT, editors. Robbins & Kumar basic pathology. 11th ed. Philadelphia,

   PA: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division; 2022.

 

​2. What Is Cancer? [Internet]. NCI. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-

    cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer

3. Secondhand Tobacco Smoke (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Cancer-Causing Substances. [Internet].

    Cancer. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-

    prevention/risk/substances/secondhand-smoke

4. Mesothelioma Pathophysiology. [Internet]. Medical News. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mesothelioma-Pathophysiology

5. (PDF) UV Radiation and the Skin. [Internet]. Research Gate. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://www.researchgate.net/figure/UV-induced-skin-carcinogenesis

SCLC

1. Basumallik N, Agarwal M. Small cell lung cancer. In: StatPearls. Treasure 

   Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

 

2. Small cell lung cancer treatment [Internet]. Cancer.gov. 2025 [cited

    2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq

 

3. LUNGevity. What you need to know about small cell lung cancer [Internet]. 2020. Available   

    from: https://www.lungevity.org/sites/default/files/request-materials/LUNGevity-SCLC-booklet-110920.pdf

 

4. Canadian Cancer Society / Société canadienne du cancer. Treatments for small cell lung cancer [Internet].

    Canadian Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/treatment/small-cell-lung-cancer

Osteosarcoma

1. Arora RD, Shaikh H. Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls 

   Publishing; 2025.

 

2. Osteosarcoma and UPS of bone treatment [Internet]. Cancer.gov. 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/patient/osteosarcoma-treatment-pdq

 

3. Osteosarcoma [Internet]. WebMD. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-osteosarcoma


4. Osteosarcoma [Internet]. St. Jude together. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/osteosarcoma.html

5. Osteosarcoma [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from:

    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351052 

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 11th ed. Elsevier Saunders Co; 2022.

 

2. Zhao L. Diseases of the GI tract: Part II. Pathology 3500.

 

3. Mayo Clinic. Colon cancer [Internet]. Mayo clinic; 2024 Dec 19 [cited 2025 Feb 22]. Available from:                 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669


4. Cleveland Clinic. Colorectal (colon) cancer [Internet]. Cleveland clinic; 2022 Nov 14 [cited 2025 Feb 23].       Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer

5. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Barium enema [Internet]. John Hopkins Medicine; [cited 2025 Apr 01].                  Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/barium-enema

6. OneWelbeck. What’s the difference between a colonoscopy and a flexible sigmoidoscopy [Internet]. OneWelbeck; [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: https://onewelbeck.com/news/what-s-the-difference-between-a-colonoscopy-and-a-flexible-sigmoidoscopy

Urothelial Carcinoma

1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 11th ed. Elsevier Saunders Co; 2022.

 

2. Keller B. Kidney pathology (& physiology). Pathology 3500. 

 

3. Cxbladder. Bladder cancer: Occupational risk factors. Cxbladder; 2022 Jun 21 [cited 2025 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.cxbladder.com/row/blog/occupational-risk-factors-for-bladder-cancer/


4. Mayo Clinic. Bladder cancer; 2024 Mar 29 [cited 2025 Mar 30]. Available from: 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356109

eatment-tests-and-therapies/barium-enema

5. Grignon DJ. The current classification of urothelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 2009; 22 [suppl 2]: S60-9. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.235.

6. Amin M. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol. 2009; 22[suppl 2]: S96-118. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.26. 

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

1‌. Types of Esophageal Cancer. [Internet]. Moffitt. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.moffitt.org/cancers/esophageal-cancer

2. The Male Predominance in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma[Internet]. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cghjournal.org

 

3. Diagnosis and Tests for GERD [Internet]. About GERD. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://aboutgerd.org/signs-and-symptoms/diagnosis-testing

 

4. Definition and diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus: Scientific Diagram [Internet]. Research Gate. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Definition-and-diagnosis-of-Barretts-esophagus 

 

5. Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention [Internet]. Everyday Health. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/esophageal-cancer/

 

6. Esophagectomy [Internet]. O2 Health. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://o2healthcaregroup.com/esophagectomy 

 

7. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. [Internet]. Gastroenterology. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4516638/

 

8. Gastroesophageal Reflux [Internet]. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.eatright.org/health/gastrointestinal-reflux

9. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms [Internet]. Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/barium-swallow

Hepatocellular Adenocarcinoma

1.Asafo-Agyei KO, Samant H. Hepatocellular carcinoma [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559177/ 

2.Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elsevier; 2018. 

3.Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, Cronin KA, Ma J, Ryerson AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2014, Featuring Survival. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2017 Mar 31;109(9). 

4.Lok AS, Seeff LB, Morgan TR, di Bisceglie AM, Sterling RK, Curto TM, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated risk factors in hepatitis C-related advanced liver disease. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Apr 14];136(1):138–48. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848939?dopt=Abstract 

5.Yasui K, Hashimoto E, Komorizono Y, Koike K, Arii S, Imai Y, et al. Characteristics of Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Who Develop Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2019 Jun 5];9(5):428–33. Available from: https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(11)00114-5/pdf 

6.Testino G, Leone S, Borro P. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: A review and a point of view. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG [Internet]. 2014 Nov 21;20(43):15943–54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239482/ 

7.Hilal Unsal, Cengiz Yakicier, Christophe Marcais, Kew M, Volkmann M, Zentgraf H, et al. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994 Jan 18;91(2):822–6. 

8.Wikipedia Contributors. Hepatocellular carcinoma [Internet]. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation; 2019. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma 

9.Roayaie S, Jibara G, Tabrizian P, Park JW, Yang J, Yan L, et al. The role of hepatic resection in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Hepatology. 2015 Mar 20;62(2):440–51. 

10.Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. The New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):693–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8594428/ 

11.Galle PR, Forner A, Llovet JM, Mazzaferro V, Piscaglia F, Raoul JL, et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2018 Jul;69(1):182–236. 

12.Chen DS, Sung JL, Sheu JC, Lai MY, How SW, Hsu HC, et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein in the early stage of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 1984 Jun;86(6):1404–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6201411/ 

13.D’Onofrio M, Faccioli N, Zamboni G, Malagò R, Caffarri S, Fattovich G, et al. Focal liver lesions in cirrhosis: value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography compared with Doppler ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein levels. La Radiologia medica [Internet]. 2008 Oct;113(7):978–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18779929/ 

14.Jain D. Tissue Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2014 Aug;4:S67–73. 

15.Matsumoto Y, Suzuki T, Asada I, Ozawa K, Tobe T, Honjo I. Clinical classification of hepatoma in Japan according to serial changes in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Cancer. 1982 Jan 15;49(2):354–60. 

16.Sun HC, Zhang W, Qin LX, Zhang BH, Ye QH, Wang L, et al. Positive serum hepatitis B e antigen is associated with higher risk of early recurrence and poorer survival in patients after curative resection of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2007 Aug 14;47(5):684–90. 

Hodgkin Lymphoma

1. Lash BW. Hodgkin Lymphoma. [Internet]. Medscape. [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview?form=fpf&scode=msp&st=fpf&socialSite=apple&reg=1 

2. Huang J, Pang WS, Lok V, et al. Incidence, mortality, risk factors, and trends for Hodgkin lymphoma: a global data analysis. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15(1):57. Published 2022 May 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01281-9 

3. Steidl C, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD. Molecular pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma: increasing evidence of the importance of the microenvironment. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(14):1812-1826. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.8401 

4. Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma. [Internet]. American Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

5. What is Hodgkin lymphoma? [Internet]. Canadian Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: 
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is-hodgkin-lymphoma 


6. Treating Hodgkin Lymphoma. [Internet]. American Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: 
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/treating.html.
 

7. Survival Rates for Hodgkin Lymphoma. [Internet]. American Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: 
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html 

Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma

1. Inflammatory Breast Cancer [Internet]. National Cancer Institute. 2016. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/ibc-fact-sheet

 

2. The James at Ohio State [Internet]. The James - OSUCCC. 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://cancer.osu.edu 

 

3. Breast Cancer Information & Overview [Internet].  American Cancer Society. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer 

 

4. Pathologic Aspects of Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma: Part 1. Histomorphology and Differential Diagnosis. [Internet]. Seminars in Oncology. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com

5. Tips for Managing Chemotherapy Side Effects [Internet]. Medicover Hospitals. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/articles/chemotherapy-side-effects 

6. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2022. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org

7. "Inflammatory" breast cancer [Internet]. Surgical Oncology. [cited 2025 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com‌ 

Lipoma

1. Lipoma. [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. [cited 2025 Apr 1]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15008-lipomas

2. Kolb L, Yarrarapu SNS, Ameer MA, et al. Lipoma.In: StatPearls.Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507906/.

 

3. Charifa A, Azmat CE, Badri T. Lipoma Pathology. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482343/# 

4. Chondroid lipoma. [Internet]. Pathology Outlines. [cited 2025 Apr 1]. Available from:
https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/softtissueadiposechondroid.html.

 

5. Olawoye OA, Michael AI, Aderibigbe R, Iyun K, Ademola S, Oluwatosin OM. (2022). Experience with Liposuction for the Treatment of Subcutaneous Lipoma: A Case Series from a Tertiary Health Institution in Nigeria. Journal of the West African College of Surgeons, 12(4), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_172_22. 

Leiomyoma

1.Florence AM, Fatehi M. Leiomyoma [Internet]. Nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538273/ 

2.Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elsevier; 2018. 

3.Stewart EA, Laughlin-Tommaso SK, Catherino WH, Lalitkumar S, Gupta D, Vollenhoven B. Uterine fibroids. Nature Reviews Disease Primers [Internet]. 2016 Jun 23;2(1). Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201643 

4.Li Z, Maeda D, Kudo-Asabe Y, Tamura D, Nanjo H, Hayashi A, et al. MED12 is frequently mutated in ovarian and other adnexal leiomyomas. Human Pathology. 2018 Nov;81:89–95. 

5.Uterine fibroids - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 4]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288#dialogId24939035 

6.Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Zaitseva M, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PAW. Clonality of smooth muscle and fibroblast cell populations isolated from human fibroid and myometrial tissues. Molecular Human Reproduction [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1;20(3):250–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24243625/ 

7.Kashani BN, Centini G, Morelli SS, Weiss G, Petraglia F. Role of Medical Management for Uterine Leiomyomas. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2016 Jul;34:85–103. 

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